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Toxicology and Ecotoxicology I is a course that provides basic information about substances that harm living organisms. The course generally covers the fundamentals of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, experimental evaluation of toxicity, and a summary of basic information on the toxicology of selected xenobiotics (including inorganic and organic xenobiotics, environmental contaminants, warfare and addictive substances, and natural toxins). It also includes a lecture dealing with the abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem and the flow of substances and energy in nature. Another lecture is devoted to general principles of first aid for chemical exposure and health protection in chemical workplaces.
Last update: McGachy Lenka (03.05.2024)
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Completion of the course Toxicology and Ecotoxicology I is conditional upon passing a written exam.
Written Exam:
Students register for the exam date through the SIS system.
The written exam is administered and evaluated by the course instructor or a person authorized by the course guarantor.
Students are given a time limit of 60 minutes to complete the test.
Results are published in the SIS within 7 working days from the exam date.
Exam Retake:
In case of failure, it is possible to retake the exam in accordance with the rules for study and examination at VŠCHT. Last update: McGachy Lenka (27.03.2025)
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Z: I. Linhart: Basic Terms in Toxicology, Ecology and Ecotoxicology (A bilingual textbook). UCT Press, UCT Prague 2019.
Online: https://vydavatelstvi.vscht.cz/katalog/publikace?uid=uid_isbn-978-80-7592-040-9
D: S. Kacew and B.-M-Lee, editors: Lu's Basic Toxicology. Fundamentals, Target Organs, and Risk Assessment. 6th edition, CRC Press 2012; ISBN: 13:978-1-841849539; 10:978-1-841849537); Chapters 1 - 4, 7, 20, 23 and 24.
S. E. Manahan: Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry. 3rd edition, Lewis Publishers 2003; ISBN:1-56670-618-1
S.E. Manahan: Fundamentals of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry. 4th edition, CRC Press 2013;978-1-4665-5316-3
Gilbert Steven G.: A Small Dose of Toxicology, The Health Effects of Common Chemicals, Informa Healthcare USA, 2008, ISBN-10: 0-4153-1168-3, ISBN-13: 978-0-4153-1168-7
Last update: McGachy Lenka (03.05.2024)
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1. Basic Principles of Toxicology - Definition of toxic substances and xenobiotics, their classification; introduction to toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics; mechanisms of action, dose-response relationship. Importance of exposure routes.
2. Toxicokinetics - ADME processes (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion); absorption of substances through the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin; factors influencing absorption and distribution of substances. Biological barriers (Blood-Brain Barrier, Placental Barrier).
3. Biotransformation and Excretion of Xenobiotics - Phases of biotransformation (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation), enzymes (Cytochrome P450), conjugation agents, excretion. Importance of bioactivation and detoxification.
4. Mechanisms of Toxic Effects - Non-specific and specific effects, cellular mechanisms of toxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, genotoxicity. Mechanisms of xenobiotic interactions with biomolecules.
5. Organ Toxicity and Specific Toxic Effects - Neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, pneumotoxicity, cardiotoxicity – mechanisms and examples of substances. Experimental approaches to studying organ toxicity. Immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity – mechanisms of formation, consequences for the organism. Methods for evaluating genotoxicity (Ames test, micronucleus test).
6. Toxicity Assessment - Toxicity testing (LD50, LC50 – lethal doses and concentrations), ethical aspects, models, NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level), LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level), occupational exposure limits (PEL – Permissible Exposure Limit, NPK – Maximum Permissible Concentration). OECD test methods, in vitro, in vivo, and in silico tests.
7. Regulation of Chemical Substances - GHS (Globally Harmonized System), SDS (Safety Data Sheets), CLP regulation, hazard symbols. REACH regulation and its application.
8. Safety at Chemical Workplaces - General principles of conduct, volatile organic compounds as a risk source, injuries from working with glass, corrosive substances, flammable substances, fire extinguishers and protective equipment, pressure and vacuum apparatuses, handling exothermic reactions, waste management, first aid.
9. Toxicity of Inorganic Substances - Toxicity of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals: sodium, potassium, beryllium, barium. Toxicity of halogens and their compounds: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine. Toxicity of sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, and radon. Toxicity of metals and metalloids: zinc, cadmium, silver, mercury, aluminum, arsenic, chromium, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead. Antidotes for metal poisoning – definition of chelating agents.
10. Toxicity of Organic Substances - Toxicity of hydrocarbons (n-hexane, benzene, toluene, naphthalene, benzo[a]pyrene). Toxicity of alcohols and phenols (methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, phenol). Toxicity of aldehydes, ketones, and halogenated derivatives (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene). Toxicity of nitro compounds, amines, organic sulfur compounds, ethers, and carboxylic acids.
11. Misuse of Chemical Substances - Chemical warfare agents: nerve agents, blister agents, choking agents, irritant agents – their effects and uses. Addictive substances: depressants (opioids, alcohol), stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabinoids – mechanism of action and health risks.
12. Natural Toxins - Bacterial toxins (Clostridial), cyanobacterial toxins, fungal toxins, plant toxins, animal toxins.
13. Flow of Substances and Energy in Ecosystems - Water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles, eutrophication, acidification, smog – causes and consequences. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of toxic substances in food chains.
14. Environmental Toxicology - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), SVHC (Substances of Very High Concern), endocrine disruptors, Stockholm Convention. Ecotoxicological tests and basic ecotoxicity assessment. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Last update: McGachy Lenka (27.03.2025)
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https://e-learning.vscht.cz/course/view.php?id=422 Last update: Cibulková Jana (13.02.2025)
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Students completing this course will acquire a fundamental understanding of substances that harm living organisms and will grasp the basic principles of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. They will gain insight into experimental toxicity assessment and receive an overview of the toxicology of selected xenobiotics, encompassing inorganic and organic xenobiotics, environmental contaminants, warfare and addictive substances, and natural toxins. Additionally, they will comprehend the abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem and the flow of substances and energy in nature. Moreover, they will be familiar with the general principles of first aid for chemical exposure and health protection in chemical workplaces. Last update: Cibulková Jana (13.02.2025)
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None Last update: Kočí Vladimír (10.01.2018)
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Teaching methods | ||||
Activity | Credits | Hours | ||
Účast na přednáškách | 1 | 28 | ||
Příprava na zkoušku a její absolvování | 2 | 56 | ||
3 / 3 | 84 / 84 |